Use Terraform to Provision Linode Environments

Infrastructure as code (IaC) is a development and operations methodology that allows server deployments and software configuration to be represented as code. This methodology reduces the chance for human error, makes complex systems more manageable, eases collaboration on systems engineering projects, and offers a number of other benefits.

Terraform is an IaC tool that focuses on creating, modifying, and destroying servers, instead of managing the software on those servers. Terraform offers plugins to interface with different hosting providers, and an official Linode plugin is available. This guide show you how to get started with Terraform and Linode.

Linodes created with Terraform can be further configured with container systems like Docker, or with configuration management software like Salt, Puppet, Ansible, or Chef.

Important

The configurations and commands used in this guide results in multiple Linodes being added to your account. Be sure to monitor your account closely in the Linode Manager to avoid unwanted charges.

Before You Begin

This guide shows you how to install and use the Terraform client software from a Linux system. Terraform can be installed on other operating systems, and the instructions for those platforms are analogous to the commands presented in this guide.
Note
When following this guide, your Linux user may need sudo privileges in order to install supplementary software packages.
You need a personal access token for Linode’s v4 API to use with Terraform. Follow the Getting Started with the Linode API to get a token.
Note
Any Personal Access Tokens generated from the previous Linode Manager are API v3 tokens and do not work with Terraform’s Linode provider.

Install Terraform

The installation steps in this section are for Linux operating systems. To install Terraform on a different operating system, like macOS, see Terraform’s downloads page. Once installed, skip to Building with the Terraform Provider.

Note

The Terraform Provider for Linode requires Terraform version 1.1+. The examples in this guide were written to be compatible with Terraform version 1.1 and may be updated in the near future.

Make a Terraform project directory in your home directory and then navigate to it:
```
mkdir ~/terraform
cd ~/terraform
```
Download the following files from Terraform’s website, ensuring that the latest version available is being installed. Example wget commands are listed using the latest version available at time of publishing (1.1.9). You should inspect the links on the download page to see if a newer version is available and update the wget commands to use those URLs instead:
- The 64-bit Linux .zip archive
```
wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/terraform/1.1.9/terraform_1.1.9_linux_amd64.zip
```
- The SHA256 checksums file
```
wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/terraform/1.1.9/terraform_1.1.9_SHA256SUMS
```
- The checksum signature file
```
wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/terraform/1.1.9/terraform_1.1.9_SHA256SUMS.sig
```

Verify the Download

Import the HashiCorp Security GPG key (listed on the HashiCorp Security page under Secure Communications):
```
gpg --recv-keys 34365D9472D7468F
```
The output should show that the key was imported:
```
gpg: /home/user/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key 34365D9472D7468F: public key "HashiCorp Security <[email protected]>" imported
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1
```
Note
If you receive errors that indicate the dirmngr software is missing or inaccessible, install dirmngr using your package manager and run the GPG command again.

Verify the checksum file’s GPG signature:

gpg --verify terraform*.sig terraform*SHA256SUMS

The output should contain the Good signature from "HashiCorp Security <[email protected]>" confirmation message:

gpg: Signature made Wed 15 Aug 2018 10:07:05 PM UTC
gpg:                using RSA key 34365D9472D7468F
gpg: Good signature from "HashiCorp Security <[email protected]>" [unknown]
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg:          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: C874 011F 0AB4 0511 0D02 1055 3436 5D94 72D7 468F

Verify that the fingerprint output matches the fingerprint listed in the Secure Communications section of the HashiCorp Security page.
Verify the .zip archive’s checksum:
```
sha256sum -c terraform*SHA256SUMS 2>&1 | grep OK
```
The output should show the file’s name as given in the terraform*SHA256SUMS file:
```
terraform_1.1.9_linux_amd64.zip: OK
```

Configure the Terraform Environment

Unzip terraform_*_linux_amd64.zip to your ~/terraform directory:
```
unzip terraform_*_linux_amd64.zip
```
Note
If you receive an error that indicates unzip is missing from your system, install the unzip package and try again.
Edit your ~./profile to include the ~/terraform directory in your PATH. Then, reload the Bash profile:
```
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:$HOME/terraform"' >> ~/.profile
source ~/.profile
```

Verify Terraform can run by simply calling it with no options or arguments:

terraform

Usage: terraform [-version] [-help] <command> [args]

The available commands for execution are listed below. The most common, useful commands are shown first, followed by less common or more advanced commands. If you're just getting started with Terraform, stick with the common commands. For the other commands, please read the help and docs before usage.

Common commands:
    apply              Builds or changes infrastructure
    console            Interactive console for Terraform interpolations
    destroy            Destroy Terraform-managed infrastructure
    env                Workspace management
    fmt                Rewrites config files to canonical format
    get                Download and install modules for the configuration
    graph              Create a visual graph of Terraform resources
    import             Import existing infrastructure into Terraform
    init               Initialize a Terraform working directory
    output             Read an output from a state file
    plan               Generate and show an execution plan
    providers          Prints a tree of the providers used in the configuration
    push               Upload this Terraform module to Atlas to run
    refresh            Update local state file against real resources
    show               Inspect Terraform state or plan
    taint              Manually mark a resource for recreation
    untaint            Manually unmark a resource as tainted
    validate           Validates the Terraform files
    version            Prints the Terraform version
    workspace          Workspace management

All other commands:
    debug              Debug output management (experimental)
    force-unlock       Manually unlock the terraform state
    state              Advanced state management

Building with the Linode Provider

Terraform uses a declarative approach in which configuration files specify the desired end-state of the infrastructure, so the examples in this guide will simply list the Linodes that we want to create. Terraform can understand two types of configuration files: JSON, and HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL). This guide uses the HCL format, and HCL files end in the .tf extension.

Create the file linode-terraform-web.tf in your ~/terraform directory with the snippet below. Fill in your Linode API token, public SSH key, and desired root password where indicated. Additionally, replace the Linode provider version to the latest:

File: ~/terraform/linode-terraform-web.tf

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terraform {
  required_providers {
    linode = {
      source = "linode/linode"
      version = "1.27.1"
    }
  }
}

provider "linode" {
  token = "YOUR_LINODE_API_TOKEN"
}

resource "linode_instance" "terraform-web" {
        image = "linode/ubuntu18.04"
        label = "Terraform-Web-Example"
        group = "Terraform"
        region = "us-east"
        type = "g6-standard-1"
        authorized_keys = [ "YOUR_PUBLIC_SSH_KEY" ]
        root_pass = "YOUR_ROOT_PASSWORD"
}

This snippet creates a Linode 2GB labelled Terraform-Web-Example in a Terraform Linodes group. While the server’s software won’t be configured in this guide, we can imagine for now that the Linode acts as a webserver.

Note

See Terraform’s documentation for more information on configuration syntax and any updates to the Linode provider.

Initialize the Terraform configuration:

terraform init

Terraform confirms successful initialization:

Initializing provider plugins...
- Checking for available provider plugins on https://releases.hashicorp.com...
- Downloading plugin for provider "linode" (1.0.0)...

The following providers do not have any version constraints in configuration,
so the latest version was installed.

To prevent automatic upgrades to new major versions that may contain breaking
changes, it is recommended to add version = "..." constraints to the
corresponding provider blocks in configuration, with the constraint strings
suggested below.

* provider.linode: version = "~> 1.0"
Terraform has been successfully initialized!

Note

If an error occurs, run the command again in debug mode:

TF_LOG=debug terraform init

Run Terraform’s plan command:

terraform plan

Refreshing Terraform state in-memory prior to plan...
The refreshed state will be used to calculate this plan, but will not be
persisted to local or remote state storage.


------------------------------------------------------------------------

An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  + create

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  + linode_instance.terraform-web
      id:                 <computed>
      alerts.#:           <computed>
      authorized_keys.#:  "1"
      authorized_keys.0:  "ssh-rsa ..."
      backups.#:          <computed>
      backups_enabled:    <computed>
      boot_config_label:  <computed>
      group:              "Terraform"
      image:              "linode/ubuntu18.04"
      ip_address:         <computed>
      ipv4.#:             <computed>
      ipv6:               <computed>
      label:              "web"
      private_ip_address: <computed>
      region:             "us-east"
      root_pass:          <sensitive>
      specs.#:            <computed>
      status:             <computed>
      swap_size:          <computed>
      type:               "g6-standard-1"
      watchdog_enabled:   "true"


Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note: You didn't specify an "-out" parameter to save this plan, so Terraform
can't guarantee that exactly these actions will be performed if
"terraform apply" is subsequently run.

terraform plan won’t take any action or make any changes on your Linode account. Instead, an analysis is done to determine which actions (i.e. Linode instance creations, deletions, or modifications) are required to achieve the state described in your configuration.

Note

Debug mode can be applied to the plan command if you need to perform troubleshooting:

TF_LOG=debug terraform plan

If there are no errors, start the deployment:

terraform apply

You are asked to confirm the action. Enter yes and press Enter:

Do you want to perform these actions?
  Terraform will perform the actions described above.
  Only 'yes' will be accepted to approve.

  Enter a value: yes

linode_instance.terraform-web: Creating...
  alerts.#:           "" => "<computed>"
  authorized_keys.#:  "" => "1"
  authorized_keys.0:  "" => "ssh-rsa ..."
  backups.#:          "" => "<computed>"
  backups_enabled:    "" => "<computed>"
  boot_config_label:  "" => "<computed>"
  group:              "" => "Terraform"
  image:              "" => "linode/ubuntu18.04"
  ip_address:         "" => "<computed>"
  ipv4.#:             "" => "<computed>"
  ipv6:               "" => "<computed>"
  label:              "" => "web"
  private_ip_address: "" => "<computed>"
  region:             "" => "us-east"
  root_pass:          "<sensitive>" => "<sensitive>"
  specs.#:            "" => "<computed>"
  status:             "" => "<computed>"
  swap_size:          "" => "<computed>"
  type:               "" => "g6-standard-1"
  watchdog_enabled:   "" => "true"
linode_instance.terraform-web: Still creating... (10s elapsed)
linode_instance.terraform-web: Still creating... (20s elapsed)
linode_instance.terraform-web: Still creating... (30s elapsed)
linode_instance.terraform-web: Still creating... (40s elapsed)
linode_instance.terraform-web: Still creating... (50s elapsed)
linode_instance.terraform-web: Creation complete after 52s (ID: 10975739)

Apply complete! Resources: 1 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

Visit the Linode Manager. You should see that the Terraform-Web-Example Linode has been added to your account.

Provision Additional Servers

In the previous step, you used Terraform to provision a Linode that could act as a webserver. To illustrate how to add another Linode via Terraform, let’s say you now also need a separate database server. To do this, you can create another Terraform configuration file for the second Linode.

Note

When deploying multiple Linodes with Terraform, remember that you need to assign a unique name for each Linode.

In production environments, your SSH key and root password should be unique for each resource. Having said that, the example Linodes in this guide shares keys and root passwords.

Create another file called linode-terraform-db.tf. Substitute in your SSH key and root password where indicated. Do not delete linode-terraform-web.tf.

File: ~/terraform/linode-terraform-db.tf

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resource "linode_instance" "terraform-db" {
  image = "linode/centos7"
  label = "Terraform-Db-Example"
  group = "Terraform"
  region = "us-south"
  type = "g6-standard-1"
  swap_size = 1024
  authorized_keys = [ "YOUR_PUBLIC_SSH_KEY" ]
  root_pass = "YOUR_ROOT_PASSWORD"
}

You may notice that the Terraform provider is not specified in this file as it was in linode-terraform-web.tf. Terraform loads into memory and concatenates all files present in the working directory which have a .tf extension. This means you don’t need to define the provider again in new .tf files.

Note

In this configuration a new parameter, swap_size, is used to override the default value of 512MB. You can check all available options for the Linode Terraform provider in the plugin’s GitHub repository readme.md.

Review the Terraform plan:

terraform plan

Terraform knows that your Terraform-Web-Example Linode still exists, so the plan only shows that the Terraform-Db-Example Linode would be created:

An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  + create

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  + linode_instance.terraform-db
      # [...]

Plan: 1 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

# [...]

Apply the configuration:
```
terraform apply
```
Check the Linode Manager to ensure that the Terraform-Db-Example Linode was added to your account.

Destroy Servers

Terraform includes a destroy command to remove servers managed by Terraform. Prior to running the destroy command, you can run the plan command with the -destroy option to see which servers would be removed:

terraform plan -destroy

# [...]

An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  - destroy

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  - linode_instance.terraform-db

  - linode_instance.terraform-web


Plan: 0 to add, 0 to change, 2 to destroy.

# [...]

Run the destroy command to remove the servers from the last section. Confirm the deletion with yes when prompted:
```
terraform destroy
```
Verify that the Linodes were removed in the Linode Manager.
Remove the configuration files:
```
rm *.tf
```

Provision Multiple Servers Using Variables

Up to this point, the procedure for adding a new node to your infrastructure was to create a new file and run terraform apply. There are some downsides to this approach:

You need to repeatedly copy certain values across each file, like your SSH key.
If you want to change certain parameters across multiple servers, like the Linodes’ group attribute, then you need to change each file.

To solve these issues, Terraform allows you to declare variables and insert those variables’ values into your configurations:

Create a new file to define your variable names and optional default variable values. This file can have any name; for this example, use variables.tf:
File: ~/terraform/variables.tf
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variable "token" {} variable "authorized_keys" {} variable "root_pass" {} variable "region" { default = "us-southeast" }
Create the file terraform.tfvars to store your variables’ values. Substitute in your API token, SSH key, and root password where indicated. You cannot change this file’s name after creating it.
File: ~/terraform/terraform.tfvars
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token = "YOUR_LINODE_API_TOKEN" authorized_keys = "YOUR_PUBLIC_SSH_KEY" root_pass ="YOUR_ROOT_PASSWORD"

Create a new configuration file called linode-terraform-template.tf:

File: ~/terraform/linode-terraform-template.tf

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# Linode Provider definition
terraform {
  required_providers {
    linode = {
      source = "linode/linode"
      version = "1.27.1"
    }
  }
}

provider "linode" {
  token = var.token
}

# Example Web Server
resource "linode_instance" "terraform-web" {
        image = "linode/centos7"
        label = "Terraform-Web-Example"
        group = "Terraform"
        region = var.region
        type = "g6-standard-1"
        swap_size = 1024
        authorized_keys = [var.authorized_keys]
        root_pass = var.root_pass
}

# Example Database Server
resource "linode_instance" "terraform-db" {
        image = "linode/ubuntu18.04"
        label = "Terraform-Db-Example"
        group = "Terraform"
        region = var.region
        type = "g6-standard-1"
        swap_size = 1024
        authorized_keys = [var.authorized_keys]
        root_pass = var.root_pass
}

Check your new deployment for errors:
```
terraform plan
```
Apply the configuration:
```
terraform apply
```
The end result should be the same as before.

Modify Live Deployments

Terraform allows you to change a server’s name, size, or other attributes without needing to destroy and rebuild it. Terraform handles this through changes to the configuration files.

Important

Changing the size of your Linode forces your server to be powered off and migrated to a different host in the same data center. The associated disk migration takes approximately 1 minute for every 3-5 gigabytes of data. See our Resizing a Linode guide for more information.

Modify linode-terraform-template.tf and update the type value to g6-standard-4 for the terraform-db resource.

File: ~/terraform/linode-terraform-template.tf

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# [...]

resource "linode_instance" "terraform-db" {
        # [...]
        type = "g6-standard-4"
        # [...]
}

Review the plan:

terraform plan

# [...]

An execution plan has been generated and is shown below.
Resource actions are indicated with the following symbols:
  ~ update in-place

Terraform will perform the following actions:

  ~ linode_instance.terraform-db
      type: "g6-standard-1" => "g6-standard-4"


Plan: 0 to add, 1 to change, 0 to destroy.

# [...]

Apply your changes:
```
terraform apply
```
Verify the changes in the Linode Manager.

Terraform Modules

Terraform uses a concept called modules to group common server requirements and configurations. Think of modules as similar to functions in programming languages.

As an example, let’s say that you run a web agency and need to deploy identical pairs of webservers and database servers for different clients. To facilitate this, you can create a reusable Terraform module which describes the webserver and database server pairing.

The module’s description allows for variable substitution of relevant attributes (passwords, keys, etc), just as in the configuration from the previous section. Once the module is configured, new servers can be instantiated for each of your clients by combining the module code with a new set of variable values.

Basic Module Structure

The module structure is flexible, so you can use as many Terraform files as needed to describe your infrastructure. This example contains just one configuration file describing the reusable code.

Create a modules/app-deployment/ directory to hold the module configuration:
```
cd ~/terraform
mkdir -p modules/app-deployment
```

Create a main.tf configuration file inside modules/app-deployment/:

File: ~/terraform/modules/app-deployment/main.tf

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# Web Server
resource "linode_instance" "terraform-web" {
        image = "linode/ubuntu18.04"
        label = var.webserver_label
        group = "Terraform"
        region = var.region
        type = "g6-standard-1"
        swap_size = 1024
        authorized_keys = var.authorized_keys
        root_pass = var.root_pass
}

# Database Server
resource "linode_instance" "terraform-db" {
        image = "linode/centos7"
        label = var.dbserver_label
        group = "Terraform"
        region = var.region
        type = var.db_type
        swap_size = 1024
        authorized_keys = var.authorized_keys
        root_pass = var.root_pass
}

The configuration above reproduces the previous examples using variables. The next file contains variable definitions. Assign a default value for each variable. That value is used if you don’t override it when you call the module.

Substitute in your SSH key and root password where indicated:

File: ~/terraform/modules/app-deployment/variables.tf

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variable "webserver_label" {
    description = "The name for the Web Server"
    default = "default-web"
}

variable "dbserver_label" {
    description = "The name for the Database Server"
    default = "default-db"
}

variable "db_type" {
    description = "The size (plan) for your Database Linode"
    default = "g6-standard-1"
}

variable "region" {
    description = "The default Linode region to deploy the infrastructure"
    default = "us-east"
}

variable "authorized_keys" {
    description = "The Public id_rsa.pub key used for secure SSH connections"
    default = ["default-ssh-public-key"]
}

variable "root_pass" {
    description = "The default root password for the Linode server"
    default = "default-root-password"
}

Working with Modules

Create a deployment for an imaginary client:

Create a client1 directory:
```
cd ~/terraform
mkdir client1
```

Create a main.tf configuration file inside client1/ that uses your module. The module is referenced by providing the path to the module’s configuration. Substitute in your API token, SSH key, and root password where indicated:

File: ~/terraform/client1/main.tf

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# Client 1 Infrastructure
terraform {
  required_providers {
    linode = {
      source = "linode/linode"
      version = "1.27.1"
    }
  }
}
provider "linode" {
  token = "YOUR_LINODE_API_TOKEN"
}

module "app-deployment" {
  source = "../modules/app-deployment"

# Variables Specific to this Deployment
region = "us-east"
authorized_keys = [ "YOUR_PUBLIC_SSH_KEY" ]
root_pass ="YOUR_ROOT_PASSWORD"

# Variables Specific to Servers
webserver_label = "client1-web"
dbserver_label = "client1-db"
db_type = "g6-standard-8"
}

The file structure for your module and for client1 should now look as follows. This structure is not mandated by Terraform, but it is useful as simple example:
```
client1
└── main.tf
modules
└── app-deployment
&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;├── main.tf
&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;└── variables.tf
```
Initialize the Terraform configuration for the client, review the plan, and apply it:
```
cd ~/terraform/client1/
terraform init
terraform plan
terraform apply
```

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Use Terraform to Provision Linode Environments

Before You Begin

Install Terraform

Verify the Download

Configure the Terraform Environment

Building with the Linode Provider

Provision Additional Servers

Destroy Servers

Provision Multiple Servers Using Variables

Modify Live Deployments

Terraform Modules

Basic Module Structure

Working with Modules

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